The Science

Forensic science is the application of scientific methods and techniques to investigate crimes and other legal matters.

It uses knowledge from many scientific fields to collect and analyze evidence in order to help determine what may or may not have happened in past events. The findings are used to support or challenge different explanations of a crime or incident through reports, data, and expert testimony in the judicial system.

Like all scientific work, forensic conclusions can be reviewed, tested, and corrected over time, and scientists must work carefully to minimize potential bias when interpreting evidence (Vo, 2026).

 

Iris and the Eye

 

The eyes are sensory organs that allow people to see by capturing visible light from the environment and converting it into signals the brain can interpret to create vision (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). Since the brain cannot sense light on its own, it relies on the eyes to gather visual information about the world.

 

The iris is the part of the eye that contains muscles that control the size of the pupil. It is also responsible for eye colour, which can be brown, blue, green, or hazel—a mix of brown, yellow, and green (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).

 

Other Definitions

  • Biometrics: refers to the use of an individual’s physical, biological, physiological, or behavioural traits to identify or confirm who they are (Bertino & Bertino, 2020).
  • Forensic evidence: refers to scientific, physical, or digital information gathered during an investigation to help establish facts in criminal or civil legal proceedings (Bertino & Bertino, 2020).
  • Reliability: refers to evidence that produces consistent results when it is tested or repeated (Bertino & Bertino, 2020).
  • Expert witness: an individual allowed to testify in court due to their specialized knowledge or expertise in a field relevant to the case (JES, 2023).
  • Error rate: refers to a measure of how often mistakes, defects, or incorrect results occur within a given set of actions, processes, or data (Bertino & Bertino, 2020).